Budgeting – it is effective kind of financial planning at the company. In general, the budget represents an estimate of revenues and expenses of all business units and functional services of the enterprise. Preparation of financial budgets of the company serves as the basis for operational planning and for the comparison of costs and benefits.
The system of financial planning at the company includes: 1) a system of budgetary planning of departments, and 2) the composite system (integrated) of budget planning of the company. In order to organize the budget planning of the structural subdivisions of the enterprise people usually develop cross-cutting system of budgets that comprise following functional budgets (they cover the base of financial calculations of the enterprise):
- The budget of salary fund, we can project some payments to extra-budgetary funds and some tax deductions;
- The budget of material costs, compiled on the basis of consumption norms of raw materials, components, materials and volume of production program of structural units;
- The budget of energy consumption;
- The budget for depreciation, which includes directions to use it for major repairs, maintenance and renovation;
- Budget of other costs (travel, transportation, etc.);
- Budget for repayment of loans, developed on the basis of the plan-schedule of payments;
- The fiscal budget, which includes all taxes and mandatory payments to the budget and the extra budgetary funds. This budget is planned for the whole enterprise.
Development of budgets, departments and services are based on the principle of decomposition (the budget of the lower level is a detailed budget of a higher level). Enterprises usually develop dummary budgets for each structural unit on monthly basis. In order to ensure company and its units with working capital we should indicate in them the daily routine and actual costs, as well as for a whole month.
We should determine the centers of responsibility – cost centers and revenue centers, because it is an integral part of financial planning. Departments in which the measurement of yield is difficult or which work for domestic consumers, it is advisable to convert them in a cost center (cost). Units that manufactur products reaching to the final consumer should be converted into profit centers, or centers of income.
In the current system of financial planning it is necessary to determine the actual flow of money to the enterprise. To do this it requires data on the proportion of product supply for prepayment, the conditions of supply of commercial loans with deferred payment. Commonly we use two methods for calculating and analyzing cash flows.
The first method is the direct determination of cash flows (flow of revenue, received advances, loans, etc.) and cash outflow (vendor accounts, refund loans, payroll, etc.). In the second method, the starting point is the net profit, which is adjusted for income and expenses that does not mean inflow and outflow of funds.
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